A gasket represents a mechanical seal, placed between two or more mating surfaces, in order to prevent leakage while the two joined objects are under compression.Most of the gaskets are made from cutting sheet materials cuttings. In order to fill the space it is designed for, as well as any slight irregularities on the joint surfaces,gaskets are usually made of materials that are to a certain degree yielding. Those materials include sheet materials, for example, paper sheets, silicone, rubber, cork, neoprene,Nitrile rubber, metal, fiberglass, Teflon, or plastic polymer sheets.

The gaskets that are made of metal, utilize the metal’s spring characteristics, and for the accomplishment of the seal, they rely on the seating surface. These gaskets are used in "ring joints" or some other metal gasket systems, and they are known as E-con and R-con compressive type joints.The ability of the compressed fiber gasket material, to withstand high compressive loads, is one of the most wanted gasket characteristics in industrial applications. A huge part of the industrial gasket application includes compression well into the 2000 psi range or even higher, and the more compressive the applied load on is on the gasket, the longer the gasket will last.There are a few ways to measure the ability of the gaskets material’s, to withstand compressive loading, and the most used and accepted is the "hot compression test". Most gasket material manufacturers provide the results of these tests.As every other machine parts, even gaskets sometimes can fail, and usually the reasons are:

Unevenly distributed pressing force

This can be caused by several factors, and the first factor is usually the human mistake, meaning that the preload bolt was constructed asymmetrically.The second factor can be the flange pressed, meaning that the sealing surfaces should be perfectly parallel, but, the centerline of a pipeline cannot be perfectly concentric,and it will make the bolts to be tightened on the flange moment, so that the flange discontinuity, resulting with asymmetrical connection.

Torque loss due to stress relaxation

Tighten bolts on the flange, thanks to the vibration, the temperature variations, and other factors, will cause the bolt tension to gradually decrease,which will result in torque loss. Usually, the long bolts, with the smaller diameter, offer advantages when it comes preventing the loss of torque.In order to make the bolt stretch and to keep the given torque, heating it for a certain period of time is very effective technique to prevent the loss of torque.The thinner the gasket is, the smaller the loss of torque is.

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